Even Missing Documents Forming a Title Chain Can Have Serious Implications on Real Property Use

San Antonio Texas Real Estate Attorney Trey Wilson wrote:

When considering the purchase of residential or commercial real estate in Texas, it is of the utmost importance for the Buyer to obtain a full abstract of title, and to obtain copies of all documents comprising a particular property's chain-of-title.

So important is having this information, that the laws pertaining to real estate agents in Texas mandates that real estate licensees include in all purchase offers a written notice to each buyer that he or she should (among other things) “have the abstract covering the real estate that is the subject of the contract examined by an attorney chosen by the buyer.” See Texas Occupations Code § 1101.555. 

A cursory examination of the law pertaining to the effect of chain of title documents reveals part of the reason having this information is essential to a Buyer and his plans for the property.

First, the Texas Property Code Section 13.002(1) expressly provides that “an instrument that is properly recorded in the proper county is notice to all persons of the existence of the instrument.” This means that failure to obtain a copy of the instrument, or to discover its contents has no bearing on the validity and enforcement of the instrument. Put simply: if a document is on file, you have imputed knowledge of its existence. 

However, proper recordation of an instrument is not the SINE QUA NON of its validity and enforceability. The Texas Supreme Court has recognized two rules relating to the purchase of real property, the second of which can produce harsh results:

1.      "A purchaser is charged with knowledge of the provisions and contents of recorded instruments;”  and

2.     “Purchasers are also charged with notice of the terms of deeds which form an essential link in their chain of ownership."  

See Cooksey v. Sinder, 682 S.W.2d 252 (Tex.1984) (per curiam) see also Peters v. Clements, 46 Tex. 114, 123 (1876).  

The second of these rules ("subsequent purchasers are bound by the recitals in the deeds through which they claim") applies regardless of whether the purchaser read the prior deeds or had any actual knowledge of their contents.

In some situations, a restriction prohibiting the use of a property for a particular purpose or in a particular manner (mobile home, retail gas business, sexually-oriented business, for multi-family residence, etc.) may not appear in the most recent deed by which the property was conveyed to (or “vested in”) a Seller.  However, if that restriction appears in an earlier deed affecting the property, the restriction will likely apply – sometimes even if that earlier deed is not recorded.  See generally City of Dallas v. Rutledge, 258 S.W. 534, 539 (Tex.Civ.App.-Dallas 1924, no writ) ("The law of notice is that a purchaser of land must take notice of all instruments recorded or unrecorded in his chain of title or affecting title, and is bound by all recitals therein, although in fact ignorant of the contents."); Matthews v. Rains County, 206 S.W.2d 852, 854 (Tex.Civ.App.-Amarillo 1947, writ ref'd n.r.e.) ("[The purchaser] is bound by every matter contained in or fairly disclosed by any instrument which forms an essential link in the chain of title under which he claims ... even though he had never read these instruments or had any actual knowledge of their contents, and this would be true regardless of whether the instruments were recorded.").

In addition to restrictions, easements and other encumbrances (roadways and access licenses) upon real property are implicated by title chains, even if not readily apparent from the immediate transaction.  See Adams v. Rowles, 228 S.W.2d 849, 853 (Tex. 1950) (respondent's chain of title showed dedication of roadway, and respondent was charged with knowledge of its existence and "took his land burdened with the roadway"); McDaniel v. Calvert, 875 S.W.2d 482, 484 (Tex. App.-Fort Worth 1994, no writ) (transfer of dominant estate "automatically includes the [appurtenant] easement across the servient tenement's land" regardless of whether easements are referenced in deed or not).

The foregoing demonstrates the serious implications of documents comprising a property’s chain-of-title.   Obtaining copies and qualified review of those documents is an essential component of a Buyer’s due diligence analysis of the feasibility of purchasing real estate in Texas.  Failure to learn and understand all instruments forming the chain of title can be costly and disasterous.